Essay --

Many specific groups, based on race or religion, indicate voting preferences towards either Democrat or republican Candidates. Jews are no exception to this trend. What is fascinating about the Jewish vote is not that they lean slightly towards liberals it is that they vote overwhelmingly in favor of the classless Party. Compared with other minority groups, Jews have been far less likely to be swayed into voting for republican candidates. Throughout the last century Jews have declared themselves to be a race of liberals in every Presidential election. What is most interesting about this is that Jews go against the grain, meaning based on their economic and educational rest in society, based on voting trends, it would make sense that Jews were to vote for Republican candidates. A conservative might ask the question, why do Jews incessantly vote democrat? It is a legitimate question, and the answer is complicated. However, this essay will explore the possible answers to that questio n, and explain the historical significance of todays Jewish voting trends. In American history, Jews from the time of the Revolution of 1776 to the Civil War, have played a fairly insignificant role in the overall e wearation of the United States. There were of course exceptions, specifically, Haym Solomon, who helped fund the Continental Army in the Civil War. But during the United States century as a country, the Jewish tribe was small and the only significant immigration had arrived from central Europe, and the German states. Those German-speaking Jews came to the United States primarily for political and economic opportunity rather than religious freedom, which was winning hold in central Europe in the 19th Century as part of the Enlightenme... ...in significant elections. Despite all this assimilation and absorption into American culture, the overwhelming number of Jews still remain suspicious of mainstream American values. In the 1960s, many Jews joined the counterculture programs and have remained far left in orientation when it came to labor rights, race issues, and issues involving sexual orientation. These Jewish Democrats still see a country not of opportunity, but of subjugation, and they identify with the Democrats who they perceive are more concerned for the poor, a Biblical Jewish value. Republicans believe that social welfare programs hurt peoples initiative and make them dependent on government rather than upon themselves, or their families or communities. Conservatives further see this dependency as contrary to the American value of self-sufficiency and believe it leads to a sense of privilege

1920s in The Great Gatsby Essay example -- essays research papers

Written during and regarding the 1920s, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is both a representation of this distinctive social and historical context, and a construction of the composers have got of this era. Beliefs and practises of the present also play a crucial role in shaping the text, in particular ever-changing the way in which literary techniques atomic number 18 interpreted. The present-day responder is powerfully influenced by their personal experiences, some of which essentially strengthen Fitzgeralds themes, while others compete, establishing coeval interpretations of the novel. Dubbed the roaring 20s, because of the massive rise in Americas economy, this social and historical context is widely remembered for its impressive parties and sensationalist attitude. However, Fitzgerald also conveys a more(prenominal) sinister side to this culture through numerous affairs, poverty and a rampage of organised crime. By exposing this moral downfall, Fitzgerald reveals to the responder his value of the American woolgather and his belief of its decline. As a writer, Fitzgerald was always very much concerned with the present times, consequently, his writing style and plot reflects his own experiences of this era. So similar were the lives of Fitzgeralds characters to his own that he once commented, sometimes I dont know whether Zelda (his wife) and I are real or whether we are characters in one of my novels. In 1924, Fitzgerald was bear upon by Zeldas brief affair with a young French pilot, provoking him to lock her in their house. A construction of this experience can be seen in the way Fitzgerald depicts the 1290s context. For example in The Great Gatsby, there are numerous affairs and at one point, Mr Wilson locks up his wife to pre... ...der an intense physical body of the pretence that he believed the upper-class felt during the 1920s. In literature, the rose is usually a symbol of beauty and love, however Fitzgerald makes the comment that in reality, the 1920s are not entirely the wonderful era they are portrayed to be. While the issue of materialism is still very relevant in a modern-day context, the force behind it is quite different. Materialism is less a result of societys search for love and happiness in an unethical culture, rather, high up wages and relatively inexpensive commodities mean that modern, upper-class society obliges to the world of consumerism simply because it can. Through his remarkable use of techniques and style, Fitzgerald has created a realistic construction of his experience of the 1920s which is also heavily shaped by the present-day responders own beliefs and practices.

education in France :: essays research papers

The discipline system in France (source European Union)I. Information on residential district Law II. Information concerning the content education system III. Useful addresses I. Information on club LawThe fundamental principle of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality amongst students workplaceing in a extraneous country and national students applies as regards admission to an educational or training establishment. This includes enrolment fee requirements and the conditions governing the deed over of a grant to cover such(prenominal) fees. In this respect, any Community citizen must be treated in the same way as national citizens. One example of the kind of caper which young people studying an opposite country may encounter would be special requirements on admission, the convey to pass tests or supply documentary film evidence, or other such conditions which are not required of nationals, and which have no objective justification.Each outgrowth States law provides for financial assistance for students in higher education. Some countries laws may make it possible for a grant to be transferred where a student decides to study in another country. In other words, the student may extend to receive financial aid from his/her country of origin while studying in another Member State.Students covered by the Erasmus chapter of the Socrates programme are treated more favourably than students who have changed countries bug outside the Community scheme or chthonian an inter-university agreement. It goes without saying that such students are tranquil covered by the principle of equal discussion in terms of admission conditions, with exemption from the requirement to support any enrolment fee. In addition, though, they continue to receive grants or other forms of financial assistance from their country of origin, regardless of the general rules or any obstacles in the country in question concerning the transferability of grants. As regards recognitio n of periods of training completed in an establishment in another country, the Community legislation governing the programme requires that this be provided for in the form of agreements among the university of origin and the host university. Such recognition is not necessarily guaranteed where study periods or training periods are not within the scope of the Socrates/Erasmus programme.The conditions set out in a. above constitute a minimum set of rights which apply to all students who do not screw a broader status under Community law. For instance, where a student is classified as a worker or as a child of a Community worker, the principle of equal treatment applies to other aspects of academic life as well, i.education in France essays research papers The education system in France (source European Union)I. Information on Community Law II. Information concerning the national education system III. Useful addresses I. Information on Community LawThe fundamental principle of non- discrimination on grounds of nationality between students studying in a foreign country and national students applies as regards admission to an educational or training establishment. This includes enrolment fee requirements and the conditions governing the award of a grant to cover such fees. In this respect, any Community citizen must be treated in the same way as national citizens. One example of the kind of problem which young people studying another country may encounter would be special requirements on admission, the need to pass tests or supply documentary evidence, or other such conditions which are not required of nationals, and which have no objective justification.Each Member States law provides for financial assistance for students in higher education. Some countries laws may make it possible for a grant to be transferred where a student decides to study in another country. In other words, the student may continue to receive financial aid from his/her country of origin w hile studying in another Member State.Students covered by the Erasmus chapter of the Socrates programme are treated more favourably than students who have changed countries outside the Community scheme or under an inter-university agreement. It goes without saying that such students are still covered by the principle of equal treatment in terms of admission conditions, with exemption from the requirement to pay any enrolment fee. In addition, though, they continue to receive grants or other forms of financial assistance from their country of origin, regardless of the general rules or any obstacles in the country in question concerning the transferability of grants. As regards recognition of periods of training completed in an establishment in another country, the Community legislation governing the programme requires that this be provided for in the form of agreements between the university of origin and the host university. Such recognition is not necessarily guaranteed where study periods or training periods are not within the scope of the Socrates/Erasmus programme.The conditions set out in a. above constitute a minimum set of rights which apply to all students who do not enjoy a broader status under Community law. For instance, where a student is classified as a worker or as a child of a Community worker, the principle of equal treatment applies to other aspects of academic life as well, i.

Acquisition Strategies in DoD Procurements :: essays research papers

General ConsiderationsEach PM must develop and document an acquisition strategy to guide program execution from initiation done reprocurement of systems, subsystems, components, spares, and services beyond the initial production contract award and during post-production support. The acquisition strategy evolves through an iterative process and becomes increasingly more definitive in describing the relationship of the essential elements of a program. A primary goal of the strategy is to minimize the time and cost it takes, consistent with common sense and sound line of credit practices, to satisfy identified, validated needs, and to maximize affordability throughout a programs useful life cycle.In developing the acquisition strategy, the PM considers all policy guidance contained in the acquisition strategy portion on DoD 5000.2R. In documenting the acquisition strategy, the PM provides a complete picture of the strategy for the conclusiveness makers who will be asked to coordinat e on or approve the strategy document. The PM ensures the document satisfies the demands of DoD 5000.2R for the acquisition strategy to identify, address, describe, summarize, or otherwise document specific, major aspects or isues of the program or strategy.The PM develops the acquisition strategy in preparation initiation, prior to the program initiation decision, and updates it prior to all major program decision points or whenever the approved acquisition strategy changes or as the system approach and program elements become better destined. The PM engages the Working Level combine Product Team (WIPT) and Operational Test Agency (OTA) in the development of the acquisition strategy, and obtains concurrence of the Program administrator Officer and Component Acquisition Executive , as appropriate.The Milestone Decision Authority approves the acquisition strategy prior to the release of the formal solicitation. Approval usually precedes each decision point, except at program initi ation, when the acquisition strategy usually is approved as part of the milestone decision review.REQUIREMENTSThe acquisition strategy provides a summary description of the requirement the acquisition is intended to satisfy. The summary highlights aspects of the requirement (1) driven by family-of-systems or mission area requirements for interoperability, and (2) that reflect dependency on planned capability world achieved by other programs. The summary also states whether the requirement is structured to achieve full capability in time-phased increments or in a single step. For time-phased requirements, define the block about to be undertaken, as well as subsequent blocks.The acquisition strategy identifies approved source documents constituting the authoritative definition of the requirement much(prenominal) as the Operational Requirements Document (ORD), Capstone Requirements Document (CRD), and Acquisition Program Baseline (APB).

Everybody wants to be thin Essay examples -- essays research papers

Unfortunately, Americans today are obsessed with losing encumbrance. Everybody wants to be thin Everywhere I go, theres someone counting calories, cutting "carbs", and rails themselves to death on a treadmill. Dieting can be beneficial, when done properly and with discussion with a doctor. Sadly, some people fall into these bad habits when the discouragement to lose weight has become tremendous.     Everyone wants to lose way quickly and more importantly very easily. Therefore, any fad diet will become the innovative obsession of the fad dieter. This person will eat grapefruit for a week, and when her stomach cant take it anymore shell try a commemorate new, state-of-the-art, magic pill that will enable her body to shed ten pounds overnight. Even though the magic pill does not produce the desired weight loss, he or she never gives up hope. Once again, this dieter is lured by advertisements of instant spot reduction-liposuction. She crosses over the s afety line into a danger zone of chartless procedures, performed by unqualified physicians. Some dieters lose their lives in the search for a beautiful body. The stomach staple is another dieting tool that dieters try. The staple yields a large weight loss, but the dieter endangers her health because of excess loss of body fluids. The "fad dieter" is always listening for the newest cure on the dieting market.     A unify or a prom is a common reason for a someone to decide...

Everybody wants to be thin Essay examples -- essays research papers

Unfortunately, Americans today are obsessed with losing weight. Everybody wants to be thin Everywhere I go, theres someone counting calories, cutting "carbs", and running themselves to death on a treadmill. Dieting can be beneficial, when done properly and with discussion with a doctor. Sadly, some people boil down into these bad habits when the desperation to lose weight has become tremendous.     Everyone wants to lose way quickly and more importantly very easily. Therefore, any fad diet exit become the new obsession of the fad dieter. This person will eat grapefruit for a week, and when her stomach cant take it anymore shell punish a brand new, state-of-the-art, magic pill that will enable her body to shed ten pounds overnight. Even though the magic pill does not set out the desired weight loss, he or she never gives up hope. Once again, this dieter is lured by advertisements of instant spot reduction-liposuction. She crosses over the safety line into a peril zone of unknown procedures, performed by unqualified physicians. Some dieters lose their lives in the search for a beautiful body. The stomach staple is another dieting puppet that dieters try. The staple yields a large weight loss, but the dieter endangers her health because of excess loss of body fluids. The "fad dieter" is always listening for the newest cure on the dieting market.     A wedding or a prom is a common reason for a someone to decide...

Engineering Project Management Essay

Typical PracticeEstimating clock to constrict design and drawing off tasks, such as the crafting of blueprints for the construction of wooden furniture (e.g. stool, desk, chest) by an expert and the populace of blueprints for buildings of commercial establishments by an architect, requires the rule of estimating labor speak tos. After all, follow estimates require judgment of conviction estimates. Computing the labor cost (technically called as the direct labor cost in management accounting) proceeds by adding the workers base rate and indirect payroll costs, such as government securities and insurance. The result is calculate with the workers labor hours.The product of the operation is the labor cost. If labor cost is known and the estimated labor hour is unknown, the passenger auto only has to work around the equation to obtain the estimated time of performing the task.This is the easiest method for the double-decker, and in any case the most unreliable because it rel ies on past times selective information of labor costs. It relies on past information of labor costs because an empirical method is needed, which this method does not include. In such a case, this method is just mere surmise.It is not an melodic theme in the proper sense of the term because at that place be no trials and errors d whiz to gather data. From this, there is as well as a polariation between past data and empirical data. Past data argon also empirical data, but they be gathered in the past, therefore acquiring a less accurate information. Empirical data, after all, require certain use of tools to be obtained.Also, it is unreliable because if the go with is vernal, it mucklenot use this methodthere is no enter information regarding past operations. Only a long-existing family can benefit from this method of estimating labor hours. One problem in estimating the time and cost in performing design and drafting jobs is that music directors can only speculate abo ut the amount of time required by a peculiar(prenominal) job. For instance, the manager of a firm that designs and produces musical instruments can not know exactly how long in a day can a staff of twenty finishes a certain number of musical instruments.Time is a variable that depends on the quality and quantity of tools, materials, equipment, and workers assigned in performing tasks. In the example of innovation musical instruments, the manager should know how long each instrument is designed in its entirety by a specific worker. It would help to get an second-rate rate for this. Afterwards, the average rate will be multiplied to the number of instruments to be designed.If iodine stops here, this is an incomplete method of computing labor time. The manager should get the time it took the labor to prep be for the task, and how long it took him to bring the musical instrument to the corresponding collectors of the aforementioned products in the management form. Then, the sum is multiplied with the outgo of the labor from the shop or wherever he is taking the musical instruments. The resulting product is then added to the product of the average rate and the number of instruments to be designed.an author(a)(prenominal) method in estimating the labor time is by taking the average hours of preceding homogenous tasks. In creating a musical instrument, the manager gets the time it took for a worker to complete one instrument. He then obtains data from the proceeding tasks. By getting the average of the values, we obtain the average hours.Variability and ContingenciesThe accuracy of the first-class honours degree method is low. First, there is a massive possibility of error in relying past data or performance. A company that designs cars ought to measure the time and cost of labor through direct empirical methods, such as obtaining the rates by which workers accomplish their jobs.However, this method depends on the accuracy of historical data. If historical da ta are inaccurate, there is a 100% tendency that the result of apply this method will produce inaccuracies. This is not recommended for companies because it is not an engineering standard. The second method is to a greater extent empirical and far more accurate than the first method. Considering the computation of the average rate, one can not be sure of the precision of this statistical tool. Using the cerebrate, median or mode as a way to produce data for the estimation of the time and cost of labor is inefficient.It is recommended that a partition analysis be conducted so that deviations will be taken into consideration. After all, workers are not robots. They put one across spunkyer levels of inefficiency and inconsistency of output. A worker has displace labor rates. The time he finishes a job fluctuates in hours or minutes, thereby changing the amount of labor cost. Using the variance analysis as a statistical method in obtaining work rates is more efficient.When this is done, it makes the second estimation method more accurate because deviant cases, or changes in time and labor costs, are taken into consideration. The variance analysis can also be applied on the third method, which also relies on using the mean, median or mode. Since averages are less reliable than doing a variance analysis, the third method can be inaccurate. More statistical methods are needed. observe and UpdatingAs the design and drafting tasks proceed, the practices used to update estimates are the adjacent regular, sporadic, and periodical recording of average rates in designing and drafting jobs. The practice of having a regular recording system, which requires inputs for every day of labor, is the most accurate but also the most costly. Therefore, it is far from inefficient. Only a huge company can take advantage of this, if there is a high risk relate in not monitoring the time and cost of labor. An intermittent recording practice entails intermediate accuracy and cost . This requires inputs every week, month or quarter of the year, depending on the needs of the company to monitor the progress of the fluctuations in time and cost of labor. A periodical recording practice is the least costly, but has the risk of being inaccurate because it does not measure everything. It only measures the fluctuations in time and cost of labor between points in time, and not within a span of time.ReferencesBaskette, C. (2006). Avoided cost estimation and post-reform funding allocation for Californias heftiness efficiency programs. Electricity Market Reform and Deregulation, 31, 1084-1099.Farsi, Mehdi. (2006). Cost efficiency in the Swiss gas distribution sector. Energy Economics, 28,1050-1062.ASSIGNMENT 2 (Y)Basis for hear methodological analysisThe specific method chosen for a certain be sick is based on the inherent characteristics of that project. There are as some methods as there are kinds of projects. The basis for choosing a method depends on the variable s that differentiate one project from another, like the level of complexity involved in the activity. The following is the list of factors that may be the basis of project methodologyProject areaLevel of complexityType of communion used One of the many considerations in project methodology decision-making is the project area. Is the project small, medium, or large? Even this question requires some thinking, since the size of a project is arbitrary. It depends on the sizes of other projects the manager or company considers as points of comparison.The area of the project may mean the geographical area concerned. For instance, an electric company that aims to build a engagement of electric facilities may be one kilometer by 500 meters. Judging whether this is small, medium, or large varies from one project to another. There may have been other similar projects built, requiring only two or three hectares of land. In such cases, this project may be considered large in area. The area c an also be seen in terms of figure out. In the example of an electric company building a network of electric facilities, the area may mean the number of househ emerituss it would serve. Again, judging whether a number of ten-thousand households is small, medium or large depends on other similar projects made. Another basis is the level of complexity involved in the project. Complexity can be measured by how many interactions among units are required to accomplish a task, and judging the data whether the project system is simple or complex. In the above example, measuring stick the complexity of building a network of electric facilities may require determining the organization of managers and workers that are involved in the project. Some organizations interact according to hierarchy. These kinds of organizations tend to be simple because there are defined ways on how the units interact among one another.Some, which are more complex, require units to interact in different ways. To put it concretely, let us say that the electric company assigns the maintenance division to be always under the engineering department, which means that the staff would only take commands from the latter. This is a simple scenario. A complex scenario would be when the company assigns the maintenance department to communicate with the other divisions of the company in accomplishing its own task.The connection between complexity and method is that the complexity determines the method. After knowing a projects level of complexity, the method may then be configured depending on this information. The third basis is communication. What is the message of the project? What are the kinds of media used? For whom is the message? These are significant things to take in mind when characterizing what sort of communication exists in an activity. Is the electric company making use of an intranet, which simplifies complex interactions? What tools are used for one division to communicate with anothe r? Are telephones preferred over online chatting between departments? It is also significant to determine the contexts in which communication occurs. Is it one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many? Determining this also affects the level of complexity of the project. A one-to-one communication is simple but slow and inefficient. A one-to-many communication is fast and efficient, but the message reception loses quality. Many-to-many communication is fast and complex, thereby increasing the level of complexity in the project. Decisions regarding matters on communication are only part of choosing what methodology to use.Criteria for Best Project MethodologyIn order to illustrate how one method is better than another given a specific project, let us take the following favorite methods in project management Waterfall Development, discerning Unified Process, and Extreme Programming (Asrilhant, 2005). These are the best methods in project management because they generally are flexible to different factors, like budget and project size. They compliment each other. One strategys weakness is anothers strength. If the project has high budget, one may say that the Waterfall Development is the best method for it. That is because this method requires little or zero corrections in inputs. This is possible because the supplying function of the management is more crucial. A low budget means a high risk to undertake the project. Therefore, quality planning is indispensable. For instance, if the electric company funds a 5-hectare electric network facility 30% lower than similar projects, the management has to undertake Waterfall Development. This means the planning function is pitch on decreasing costs. There will be much labor required on the part of engineers and analysts to increase the level of certainty in inputs. The company cannot afford to do experimentations and much testing. High technical proficiency is required. If the project entails intermediate risk, and there is an intermediate number of staff who would man it, then the Rational Unified Process may be used as the best methodology. This is because risk management is balanced with a medium amount of budget or allowance for failure in inputs. If the electric company funds a 10-hectare electric network facility 2% lower than similar projects, the management may afford to increase the costs of testing and experimenting with inputs to produce outputs in electric services. Finally, if there is a need for regular testing and experimentation of inputs, and corrections in testing failures, then the Extreme Programming may be undertaken as the best methodology. Budget given here is high, and the risks are lower. The population of staff is also considerably higher than the two other methodologies. Here, the management can afford to run the risk of losing resources, albeit with prudence. Determining which method is best for a project requires measuring the amount of risks associated with the project , the budget allocated for the activity, the number of participants in the staff, and the affordability of the project to receive failing outputs.ReferencesAsrilhant, Boris. (2005). On the strategic project management process in the UK indutrial sector.Omega, 35, 89-103.ASSIGNMENT 3Alternative Classification The rationale of having a new project miscellanea is to respond against the inefficiencies of the older classifications. The project method concerns itself much on the processes and ways on how tasks are carried out in the activity. However, it is too formalistic and technical. It is formalistic because it is focused on empirical observations. It is too technical because it does not leave room for speculation and theorizing. There is a huge chance that it will lose sight of the projects objectives. The project end-product, being goal-oriented, is weak on the part of specific matters. It may lose sight on technical issues such as the method of computation to use in estimating la bor costs. If a firm that manufactures cars undertake an activity in which the project is classified as belonging under the project end-product, the managers will fall short on practicality. Important details are missed, like the choosing of a certain metal as a material in making automobiles.There may be one end-product but there are many methods in which inputs can be processed into outputs. These methods determine the level of costs associated with the production. If a company is too concerned about output, it loses sight on the possibility of gaining productivity by merely choosing the method.This is to say that a new classification is neededa new classification that would account for the weaknesses of project methodology and project end-product. Since the two classifications do not take into consideration certain factors of production and labor, which are important determinants of the success of a project, a new chosen classification is labeling projects according to the types of constraints.The traditional constrains in a project are the followingTimeCostProductionLaborThese variables define the formulate or form of the project. Changing one variable changes the whole project in its entirety. To illustrate, assume that an automobile manufacturing company undertakes a project of creating liter units of prodigality cars.The time constraint associated with the project makes it different from all the other projects with similar methods and end-products. For instance, this project is similar to five other projects whose goals are also to create fifty units of luxury cars. The only hypothetical difference is the amount of days required to accomplish it. This is to say that a project is different from another when there is a significant time interval between the required time to accomplish one project and the required time to accomplish another. However, it is too trivial if the manager only relies on the time constraint. Costs are also important contributor s of project type determination. The amount of money allotted for a budget determines the influence of the project on the area it is being undertaken, and on the unit is serving. This is an indispensable category because the cost also gives way to knowing the area and quality of the project. If the car company gives a budget to a car-manufacturing project which is 50% lower than that of another project with similar end-product, then the two projects are different because the former is constrained in using resources. It must tap the planning function of the management at its best, because it cannot afford high risks and high expenses. Production is a solution of the cost constraint. The number of cars to be produced by the company depends on the allotted budget in producing these cars. Consequently, this is also related to labor in the sense that, if the budget is low and the production is high, then the labor must be intensive. It is empirically impossible to increase labor if the budget remains the same. In short, projects can be classified according to the variability of their traditional constraints. They be classified as the followingLong-term undertaking, high-budgeted, labor intensive.Mid-term undertaking, with intermediate budget, intermediate production, and medium labor intensiveness.short-term undertaking, low-budgeted, small production, and low concentration in labor.This is not to say that there are only three ways to classify projects. There are different permutations of classifying them because a project can be both long-term and low-budgeted, short-term and high-budgeted, and the like. There are twenty-seven combinations possible for the project manager. It is helpful for the project manager because there are varied choices to be undertaken with this typology.Enhancement This classification gives an enhanced understanding of project management because the inefficiencies of project end-product and project method are revealed and solved. The old classification system is poor because there are only small categories where projects fall under.In logic, the lesser concepts there are to stand for heterogeneous things, the more abstract the ideas become. By taking into consideration the traditional constraints of a project, and basing from it to form a new project classification, one achieves a more concrete and exposit description of the different projects that are to be executed.Project classification, through this kind of classification, becomes more useful not only as a mere erudition of classification. It also helps management keep an improved system of managing the projects, thereby increasing productivity and output quality.This project classification also enhances the understanding on the capacity of projects. Project method concerns itself with the processed item but not the one being processed. Project end-product concerns itself with the output but not the materials or inputs that led to its creation. This classifica tion gives a new lens through which projects are seen by the manager.ReferencesProject management. Retrieved September 4, 2006, fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_managementProject_systems

Glue Sniffing Practices Street Children Health And Social Care Essay

Harmonizing to Child Workers In Nepal Concerned Centre thoroughf be kids are those who are wholly street based, working and populating in the street.They could be orphans or abandoned kids or merely ignored or runways they could be with or without household. They could hold sm alone or no contact with their several households.The job of street kids is cosmopolitan and is relatively really high in those states where there is rapid urbanisation. The figure of street kids has grown in recent decennaries because of broad spread recession, political convulsion, civil agitation, increasing household decomposition, natural catastrophe and turning urbanisation. 1 Street kids are among the high infer and insecure group and they are accordingly more vulnerable to interact types of substance maltreatment, and most common types are dissolvers and inhalants. 1 WHO estimates that globally,25 % to 90 % of street kids convoluted in substance maltreatment.Problem statementGlobalHarmonizing to W HO appraisal, there are more so 100 million street kids in the human race and more so 25 million are from developing states and most of them are adolescent. A study based on study conducted by WHO indicated that it reaches about 25-30 million in developed states. 2 Surveies suggest that 80-90 % of street kids in Latin America have some contact with their households. Surveys besides indicate that street kids in Latin America are 8-17 old ages old, with 9 old ages old being the mean age upon come ining the street. Girls consist 10-15 % of street kids and Black and assorted race kids may be over-represented among street kids in the part. 3 Street kids cited a figure of grounds for being on the streets. These accepts gaining income, being orphaned, maltreatment by stepfathers/stepmothers/some relations, un constitute concern and support by parents or defenders and peer force per unit area.Although substance shout among kids in India has been documented for over a decennary, volat ile substance abuse ( VSM ) is a relatively recent phenomenon there.. Reported sensed benefits include enhanced physical strength, decreased shyness, sleep initiation, experiencing commodity, and blunting physical and psychological hurting. Identified hazard factors include domestic force, a dictatorial male parent, straw man of stepparents, migratory position, and substance exercise in the household. 4 A follow on street kids in Delhi among 115 male street kids aged 6-16 revealed that more than half of the topics had indulged in substance usage before coming to the observation rest home. The agents consumed were nicotine, inhalants, intoxicant and cannabis.Substance usage in street kids is associated with unstable places and ill-treatment. 5 There are an estimated 3,500-5,000 street kids populating on the streets of Lahore, Pakistan. A disproportional figure of these kids use drugs and engage in survival come alive as get bying mechanisms. Of the entire sample, 17.0 % repor ted neer holding used drugs, 15.9 % reported being former drug users, and 67.1 % reported holding used drugs in the month before enrollment. Participants were 96 % male childs with a average age of 13 old ages. The average length of life on the streets was 18 months, and 52.7 % had of all time been arrested by the constabulary. Odd occupations, beggary, and pickpocketing were the primal beginnings of reported income. 6 A cross-sectional analytical survey of street kids on local authorities acres of South western Niegeria showed that, the average age was 16.2 A 1.3 old ages, and there were more males ( 58.3 % ) than females. Most of the respondents ( 65 % ) were still populating with their parents. Fifty-three per cent of the respondents were current mind-bending substance users and the five commonest substances used were kola nut ( 58.6 % ) , intoxicant ( 43.6 % ) , baccy ( 41.4 % ) , marijuana ( 25.4 % ) and sokudaye Similarly, low connection with female parent and friends an d low parental presence were significantly associated with current substance usage. 7 ( mentions relationship as determiners of substance usage amongst street kids in a local authorities country in south western Niegeria. )NationalIn 1992 CWIN estimated that around 5000 have landed on the street of metropoliss of Nepal.Furthermore, the cosmos of the street kids in Kathmandu entirely estimated by CWIN was around 1200 in 1996.CWIN was reported 330 new street kids in kthmandu in 1997 nevertheless they estimated entire figure around 1000. Their figure has shot up three creases within 10 old ages & A this job in Nepal allow present a existent menace in future, particularly if the current tendencies towards unsupervised urbanisation continues. 8 In Nepal, the sum estimated figure of street kids is 40,000, in urban Centres. CWIN estimates that there are about 800-900 street kids in Kathmandu vale. 8 Harmonizing to CWIN, the overall usage of baccy is 55 % among street kids. Between 25-90 % of street kids use substances of one sort or other.Glue sniffing is emerging tendency in Nepal. It is fast exhalation an dependence among street kids in Kathmandu.the current prevelant of glue whiffing among street kids is 51.7 % in Kathmandu valley.19.7 % have started utilizing glue two old ages ago,34.4 % started a twelvemonth ago and 27.9 % started merely few months back. 9 Glue sniffing can be termed as group practiseamong street children.95.1 % kids use gum with friends,77 % usage gum in equal influence and 60.7 % kids sniff glue day-to-day. 9 Rationale of the survey ( justification )Glue sniffing and street kids both are major public wellness all(prenominal) bit true(p) as societal job in Nepal. Harmonizing to UN convention on the right of kid, every kid has the right to profit from societal security & A protection from development and drug maltreatment glue sniffing among street kids is comparatively new tendency and seems to be increasing in dismaying gait around the universe and in Nepal excessively. Besides as a personal intrest of kid and adolescent wellness, it is traveling to carry on.Research inquiry1 ) what is the position of glue whiffing among street kids?2 ) what are the assorted factors which contribute street kids to whiff gum?Aims1 ) General aim To happen out the position of gum sniffing and factors impacting it among street kids.2 ) specific aimsI ) to place the form and frequence of glue sniffing.two ) to place the grounds why street kids sniff gum.three ) to measure the cognition about harmful personal effects of glue sniffing.VariablesDependent variableGlue whiffingtwo ) Independent variableA ) demographic variablea ) Age of the street kidsB ) sexual activity of the street striplingsdegree Celsius ) Educational positionB ) Family supportC ) Peer force per unit areaD ) Easy handiness of gumTocopherol ) HungerF ) EntertainmentG ) income of street kidsH ) Risk winning behaviourI ) Growth of pack activityConceptual Mod elincome Age Sexual activityEducational positionGlue whiffing among street childrenFamilysupportgrowing of packamusement handinessequal force per unit areahazard taking behaviour hungrinessoperational definition1 ) Glue A gluey substance used for fall ining things such as connection places, rug, etc.2 ) sniffing Substance which is straight sprayed or inhaled into the oral cavity.3 ) street kids kids who are completly street based, working and populating in the street.4 ) Education Educational position of street kids is categorized into illetrate, read and compose, primary and secondary.Research methodological analysis1.study design The survey design allow for be descriptive, crosssectional and explorative to run into the aims.2.Study method To run into the aims, both quantitative every bit good as qualitative attack will be applied. The quantitative attack provides numerical consequences, that can be used to see the form, frequence and factors of issues being studied. On the other manus, the qualitative attack will be used for aggregation of information on issues that are hard to obtain from a quantitative study. consequently information obtained from each attack will be used as complementary to the other.3.Site choice Different countries of Kathmandu ( i.e Basasntapur, kalopul,Setopul, Gausala, Samakhusi, Dillibazar ) is selected purposively because Kathmandu entirely contains 900-1200 street kids as appraisal done by CWIN. Besides it is easy accessible and economic topographic point to make research in context from Institute Of Medicine.4.Study population The survey population will be the street kids of age 6-16 old ages, nowadays at the clip of informations aggregation.5.Sampling technique Non Probability sampling.6.Unit of analysis Individual7.Sample coat For the computation of sample size, following expression will be usedN= Z2pq /L2Where,P= % engagement of street kids in gum sniffing ( Current prevalence of glue sniffing is 51.7 % among street kids of ktm vale, harmonizing to CWIN )q= 1-p = 100-51.7= 48.3 %L= Allowable error=20 % of P=0.1034Therefore, n =90. ( Recalculate the sample size, it would be 98 )Tools of informations aggregationInterview agenda The structured and semistructured questionnaire will be used to roll up the information.Case survey guideline Few instance surveies will be done to examine into sensitive issues every bit good as for aggregation of information on issues that are hard to obtain from quantitative study.TechniquesInterview interview will be conducted among street kids by utilizing structured and semistructured questionnaire.Case survey instance survey will be conducted among 5-10 kids by the usage of instance survey guideline.Data processing and analysisRaw informations will be right edited and coded in the same twenty-four hours of informations aggregation in order to simplify the informations entry.Data of questionnaire will be entered in Epiinfo plan.Data analysis will be done in footings of p er centum distribution.What about the qualitative informations?Validity and ReliabilityValidity and dependability of the survey is ensured by the undermentioned stepsTools will be prepared as per the suggestion & A counsel of research usher.Pretesting of the tools will be done prior to the survey in a similar population.Important research categories and puddle up supervising by instructors.Researcher himself will be involved in the procedure of informations aggregation.Ethical considerationsPurpose and aims of the survey will be clarified to each respondent.Informed accede will be obtained from the participants before get downing interview.The collected informations will be used merely for the aim of the survey.Confidentiality & A privateness of the information provided by the participant will be maintained every bit far as possible.Restrictions of the surveyThis survey is limited in clip and resource.Due to little survey sample the result of the research may non generalise the full mark population.Random sampling is non possible due to dispersing of the sample population.All respondents may non give right information due to vacillation.Proposed budget

Ethics, Moral Character and Authentic Essay

The four components of authorized transformational leading (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration) are constrasted with their counterfeits in the dissembling pseudotransformational leadership on the basis of 1) the moral character of the leaders and their concerns for self and others 2) the ethical set embedded in the leaders vision, articulation, and program, which pursuit tolerate embrace or reject and 3) the morality of the processes of social ethical choices and action in which the leaders and followers engage and collectively pursue.The literature on transformational leadership is linked to the long-standing literature on virtue and moral character, as exemplified by Socratic and Confucian typologies. It is linked, as well, to the major themes of the modern Western ethical agenda liberty, utility and distributive justice Deception, sophistry, and pretense are examined alongside issues of transendence, agenc y, trust, striving for the congruence of the values, cooperative action, power, persuasion, and corporate governance to establish the strategic and moral foundations of authentic transformational leadership.Contracts can be skewed in favor of those with more resources, contacts and bargaining power. People often appreciate leadership which points the way out of dilemmas whether it comes from others within their sustain collective or from external authority. Leaders as divergent in their politics as Mao Zedong and Shimon Peres agreed that the task of leadership is to sense the problems of their followers and to articulate solutions which satisfied their interests. Rost, reminiscent of Nozick and Rand, asks for leader-follower distinctions be erased to reach true participative democracy.Burns (1998) partially agrees and would substitute for leaders and followers, initiators, supporters and opponents. But the counterarguments are that if everyone in a class is responsible for its le adership, no one is responsible. Furthermore, if a group is initially leaderless, the members compete with each other for leadership. One or more leaders emerge who part and propose more than the other members. Followers emerge who are responsive to the leaders, and non-responsive isolated persons remain who are passive (Bass, 1954).If trying to align the values of members of an institution with the good of all stakeholders is unethical , then it is unethical to contingently reward prison inmates with time off for good behavior or for transformational teachers to move pupils to internalize the values of good citizenship for the benefit of society. Libertarians would agree that ones life plans are paramount but they are close to espousing anarchy as are the OD extremists who charge immorality if the transformational leader intervenes in the individual followers life plans(Bass, 1998A, p. 79). With this line of thinking that it is immoral to align the values and behavio

Elsewhere: Life and Curtis Jest

The novel Elsewhere by Gabrielle Zevin is spectacular. doneout the book on that point be humannessy characters that diserve to be mentioned. Elizabeth Marie H in all, in give care manner know as Liz or Lizzie is the main character. Owen Welles is her boyfri fetch up. Thandi is her best friend that she meets on the boat. Aldous Ghent is her mentor and friend. Betty is Lizs grandmother. Emily Welles is Owens married woman. Alvy is Lizs brother. Curtis Jest is the rock star she met on the boat. Lucy is Lizs pug, Jen is Owens dog and Sadie is Lizs dog. Amadou Bonamy is the man who hit Liz, and Zooey, Lizs best friend on hide out.Liz is fifteen, looking forward to turning sixteen and getting her drivers license, when everything changes. Shes riding her bike, only three months from driving a elevator machine instead of using her bike as her main mode of transportation, when she is hit by a car. She wakes up on a ship, sharing a room with a fille named Thandi who has what looks like a bullethole in the back of her head. Liz doesnt look like she normally does, either she doesnt have any hair. In this dream, as she thinks it is, things are a little weird.There are no modern electronic devices on the ship, and everyone with the exceptions of herself, Thandi, and Lizs favorite singer, Curtis Jest, is over 80. After watching her own funeral (used by her spirited school principal as an opportunity to lecture on traffic safety), Liz realizes that this is no dream. Nor is it exactly her life. Liz is dead. She was killed in a car crash, and, in the world skilfully created by Gabrielle Zevin, this is where people go once they die. On a ship. Of course, boats have to go somewhere, and this one finally lands in Elsewhere. The afterlife, though not as anyone on hide imagined it.In Elsewhere, for one thing, people age backwards. Liz will never turn sixteen ( except theyll still let her get a drivers license) instead, shell be turning fourteen again, under the care of her dead grandmother, who is surprisingly young (about the same age as Lizs mother). Elsewhere, though the people grow younger rather than older, is a lot like earth. Some artists continue their work here (you rear see radical paintings by Picasso ), just as they did on earth. Marilyn Monroe is a psychiatrist. Everything you can find on Earthmusic, books, artworkyou can find Elsewhere.Elsewhere, Liz thinks, could have been a walk to the next town or an hours ride in the car or an overnight plane trip. It shouldnt be too hard adjusting to this right? Betty helps her to resolve these feelings by convincing her to take a new job as a counsellor in the division of domestic animals, at which point Lizzie begins to slowly leave her routine of watching her family and instead is given a new motivation to her new life. However, Lizzie is still plagued by the anger she feels towards the driver responsible for her death, he is a murderer, he is my murderer.Here Zevin uses repetition to e mphasize this anger. Lizzie becomes strongly impelled to make him pay for what he has done, and she manages to find a restricted portal known as The Well, to contact her family and spread abroad them who it was that were responsible for her death. how far are you? it depends on what you mean by ending sorry if this is a spoiler to others but yeah the book pretty much ends how youd expect, liz and owen grow younger together, forget to read, retreat teeth, and live a very happy childhood together. it ends with liz being shipped back across the ocean as a baby, and her rebirth. wen is cared for by his ex when hes a baby, and betty and curtis are happy together. the end. Well, its been a while, but, basically, she decides that she cant adjust to life on Elsewhere so she wants to go back to Earth with that one year plan(I cant remember what they called the plan). at one time they release her she decides at the last minute that she doesnt want to go back to Earth, that shell miss all of her friends from Elsewhere. She wiggles free of the wrappings and then gets lost for a couple of eld at the bottom of the ocean.Owen refuses to give up on looking for her and he finds her eventually and they live happily ever after haha I think thats what happens, but Im not for sure Like I said, its been a while. In the beginning of the novel, a dog is telling us that her owner, Liz, has died. I think the dog explains that the girl was on her bike and was killed by a hit-and-run taxi driver, but we may get that information later. She goes down the river to be sent back to earth after she is done aging backwards. The guy that she was seeing was like 2.Anyway, the bilgewater shifts to the dead girl, Liz, who wakes up on a cruise ship in the core of the ocean. She does not have hair and does not really know how she got at that place. She finds some other girl, Thandi, who claims she was shot in the head before waking up on the ship. Liz as well recognizes and befriends a man named Curtis, who was a famous musician. Most of the others on the ship are old people, and all of them are in pajamas all of the time. Thats all Liz knows until later, when Thandi and Curtis tell her theyre all dead.Liz refuses to accept this for a long time, even though she watches her own funeral through binoculars on the ship. Anyway, the ship docks in a speckle called Elsewhere. Liz finds that there is no God, but her grandmother, whom shed never met, comes to meet her. Liz goes to live with her, and she learns that in Elsewhere, people age backwards until they become babies again, at which point theyre reborn. For a long time, Liz spends all of her time watching her loved ones back on earth. She tries to contact them, at one point diving to the bottom of the ocean to use some behavior of underwater well to speak with her brother.The officer in charge of catching people who do that saves her (not her life, as she cant die, but saves her all the same) and eventually helps her contact her brother. Through the brother, she is able to tell her father about the birthday gift shed hidden under the floorboards. This is enough to give her peace, and shes able to adjust. She and the officer, Owen, basically fall in love. Liz also goes to work helping pets who have died learn to adjust (she can speak to them), while Thandi takes a job as an announcer.There are more snags Owens wife dies and creates a brief love triangle, though Owen eventually chooses Liz, as he died young and he no longer has much in common with his wife. Anyway, Curtis ends up marrying Lizs grandmother, Liz becomes happy. She becomes the director of her department, is happy to welcome her dog when she finally dies, and even forgives the man whod killed her when he arrives in Elsewhere years later. She also spends a good decennium or more with Owen before the both of them become too young and have to get ready to be reborn.The book ends on a no-count noteLiz grandmother (who was older when she died and thus has longer to spend in Elsewhere), has been caring for baby Liz and gets her ready for rebirth. The group goes to the shore (they put the babies in the ocean, and the up-to-date carries them to earth), Owen not really caring until the end, after Liz is gone and he has a brief flash of memory of what she meant to him. He starts crying but quickly forgets again (hes only two at this point and is being cared for by his wife). The novel ends with Liz being born to another mother and feeling eager to start another life. very one else on the boat was over 80 EXCEPT Curtis Jest, Thandi, and Liz CONFLICT/PROBLEM The conflict or problem encountered would be that, first of all, she is dead. mo of all she cant get over the fact that she hates that she is in Elsewhere. The trinity problem is that she is aging backwards everyday. Back to the day she was born. SETTING The setting or place this book took place is first on a cruise ship. Thats where she woke up. Then the cruise shi p takes her to elsewhere and that is where the biggest part of the book takes place. THEMES I think there are a couple themes of this book.The first one is that eventually you have to accept who you are or where you are. It gets harder and more miserable if you dont. Lizzie had trouble coming to cost with things. She hated elsewhere but she finally accepted the fact she was dead. Number two would be that things can be bad but in the end everything will be alright. Lizzie didnt like that she ended up in elsewhere but realized that being happy is the best thing that she could do for herself. The third theme for me would be forgiveness. Liz hates the cab driver for killing her but notices that her hate for him wont make things better for anyone.Forgiveness is very important in life. Elsewhere tells the story of a fifteen year old girl, Elizabeth Liz Hall, who dies in a bicycle accident and wakes up to find herself traveling on a boat called the SS Nile. There, she meets a girl who had been shot and a famous person who had died of a drug overdose. After watching her own funeral, Liz realizes that she is truly dead. Soon afterwards, she and the other passengers arrive in what is known as Elsewhere. She meets her grandmother, who had died before Liz was born, and Liz begins to live with her.In Elsewhere, Liz learns, everyone ages backwards from the day they died to the day they turn zero, and then they are sent back to Earth to be reincarnated as a baby. Liz misses her life on Earth, and becomes obsessed with watching her family and friends through Observation Decks, she tried to talk to her family a few times, which she gets caught and meets Owen. She is depressed, and sees no spring to do anything since she is dead, but in time she makes new friends in Elsewhere who help her come to terms with the fact that she has died.She can talk in canine, which she at first was unaware of. Gradually, she learns that a life lived backwards is not much different to a life liv ed forwards. Elsewhere is an original, interesting view of things that is somewhere amongst the heaven and hell spoken of by most religions as has been said, this afterlife is a lot like an extension of life on earth, only backwards. It seems like a nice place, a happy place to beexcept for what it takes for people to get there.